• Container orchestration • Automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications • Declarative • Can be a mix of GPU or CPU nodes • Massive Scale • OpenAI dedicates up to

that extends the Kubernetes API to create, configure and manage instances of complex stateful applications on behalf of a Kubernetes user. operator 是特殊的 controller，用来管理复杂的分布式应用 ü custom resource definition(CRD)