Delivering safe C++ Bjarne Stroustrup Columbia University www.stroustrup.comOverview • The challenges of safety • What is “safety”? • C++ Evolution • with a focus on safety • C++ Core Guidelines Government have begun initiatives to drive the culture of software development towards utilizing memory safe languages. • ... • NSA advises organizations to consider making a strategic shift from programming provide little or no inherent memory protection, such as C/C++, to a memory safe language when possible. Some examples of memory safe languages are C#, Go, Java, Ruby™, and Swift®. • NSA: https://www.open-std

behavior; Medical device operates correctly in response to inputs, including in failure scenarios (Fail-safe Design), to prevent harm or hazards to patient. Security: Protection of systems, networks, and data Lines of C++ CodeReminder to a simple, but often overlooked, question! Why C++? 23Can C++ usage be safe? Mitigate Safety and Security Vulnerabilities What can we do then? 24 Explore Tooling Processes ➢ Being more careful in general is less flexible!What have we learned? Takeaways 69 ❖ Building safe complex medical robotics is actually very hard ❖ Standards/regulations are necessary but not sufficient

Agda User Manual Release 2.6.2 The Agda Team Jun 19, 2021 Contents 1 Overview 3 2 Getting Started 5 2.1 What is Agda? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 ‘Hello world’ in Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4 A Taste of Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.35 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agda User Manual Release 2.6.0 The Agda Team Apr 12, 2019 Contents 1 Overview 1 2 Getting Started 3 2.1 What is Agda? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4 ‘Hello world’ in Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Quick Guide to Editing, Type Checking and Compiling Agda Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.30 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agda User Manual Release 2.6.1.2 The Agda Team Feb 03, 2021 Contents 1 Overview 3 2 Getting Started 5 2.1 What is Agda? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 ‘Hello world’ in Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 Quick Guide to Editing, Type Checking and Compiling Agda Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.33 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agda User Manual Release 2.6.4.1 The Agda Team Nov 30, 2023 CONTENTS 1 Overview 3 2 Getting Started 5 2.1 What is Agda? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 ‘Hello world’ in Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4 A Taste of Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 3.38 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agda User Manual Release 2.6.4.3 The Agda Team Mar 06, 2024 CONTENTS 1 Overview 3 2 Getting Started 5 2.1 What is Agda? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 ‘Hello world’ in Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4 A Taste of Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 3.38 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agda User Manual Release 2.5.4 The Agda Team Jun 02, 2018 Contents 1 Overview 1 2 Getting Started 3 2.1 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3 Quick Guide to Editing, Type Checking and Compiling Agda Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 Language Reference 9 3.1 Abstract definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.27 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agda User Manual Release 2.6.4.2 The Agda Team Feb 24, 2024 CONTENTS 1 Overview 3 2 Getting Started 5 2.1 What is Agda? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 ‘Hello world’ in Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4 A Taste of Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 3.38 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agda User Manual Release 2.6.0.1 The Agda Team Dec 30, 2020 Contents 1 Overview 1 2 Getting Started 3 2.1 What is Agda? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4 ‘Hello world’ in Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Quick Guide to Editing, Type Checking and Compiling Agda Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.30 Safe Agda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .