gives a thought about types. That is something which he has tough of and learned as a child. I, on the contrary, developed so slowly that I did not begin to wonder about types until I was an adult.“ gives a thought about types. That is something which he has tough of and learned as a child. I, on the contrary, developed so slowly that I did not begin to wonder about types until I was an adult.“ informally: So, what is a type? Depends on who you ask. So called “dependent type”? 16What are types used for in programming? 17What are types used for in programming? • Similar to money and its roles: •

Back to Basics: Algebraic Data Types I also do C++ training! arthur.j.odwyer@gmail.com Arthur O’Dwyer 2020-09-16Outline ● Why the name “algebraic data types”? [3–18] ○ Memory layout diagrams. Why Questions? ● More about pair and tuple [57–69] Questions? 2What do I mean by algebraic types? pair C++98. The original algebraic data type. tuple C++11. optional C++17. variant tuple are product types To find the size of the domain of a pair or tuple type, we take the product of the sizes of its element types. Therefore pair and tuple are known as product types. 5 A A possible

EMBRACING USER DEFINED LITERALS SAFELY for Types that Behave as though Built-in Pablo Halpern phalpern@halpernwightsoftware.com CppCon 2021 This work by Pablo Halpern is licensed under a Creative Embracing User Defined Literals Safely for Types that Behave as though Built-in – Pablo Halpern, Tuesday 9am ■ Embracing (and also destroying) Variant Types Safely – Andrei Alexandrescu, Thursday 9am 10/26/21 Pablo Halpern, 2021 (CC BY 4.0) 10Minimizing the divide between builtin and user-defined types ■ Operator overloading allows the syntax for assigning, comparing, and streaming a std::string to

std::simd how to express inherent parallelism efficiently via data-parallel types Dr. Matthias Kretz GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research CppCon ’23 @mkretz@floss.social github.com/mattkretzMotivation ResearchMotivation std::simd Overview Example: Image Processing Programming Models Outlook Summary Data-Parallel Types One variable stores WT values. One operator signifies WT operations (element-wise). W for “width”; vectorizable type — all arithmetic types except bool or long double • simd_mask behaves like bool (element-wise) In contrast to bool, there are many different mask types: • storage: bit-masks vs. element-sized

Complete and Incomplete Types • Types can be complete or incomplete • Related to the distinction between a definition and a declaration • Some situations require complete types, other situations work work with incomplete types • Incomplete types are • A class type declared but not defined • An array type with unspecified bound • void, and some others… • Sometimes incomplete types will work as template determine the types of T, U, and V? • Template argument deduction is the process by which the compiler determines the type of function template arguments based on function argument types 30 template

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that describes a complete API provided by a web service. WSDL in turn uses XML Schema to describe types, which is not exactly terse either. However, as you will see from the samples provided in this chapter words, the programming language needs to know what opera- tions the web service supports and what types of arguments are required for the operation’s data in order to be able to properly serialize and deserialize describes exactly what operations the web service supports and, for each operation, which parameters and types are needed with each request and response message. WSDL descriptions can be incredibly verbose, and

that describes a complete API provided by a web service. WSDL in turn uses XML Schema to describe types, which is not exactly terse either. However, as you will see from the samples provided in this chapter words, the programming language needs to know what opera- tions the web service supports and what types of arguments are required for the operation’s data in order to be able to properly serialize and deserialize describes exactly what operations the web service supports and, for each operation, which parameters and types are needed with each request and response message. WSDL descriptions can be incredibly verbose, and

means ‘x’ is the input representing a real number ○ Based on the inputs, an output is generated (dependent variable) ■ In the case of: f(x) =x we return ‘x’ ● Piecewise functions get more interesting means ‘x’ is the input representing a real number ○ Based on the inputs, an output is generated (dependent variable) ■ In the case of: f(x) =x we return ‘x’ ● Piecewise functions get more interesting function as an argument into another. ○ We know we already have ‘+’ and ‘*’ operators for primitive types ■ But this type of code is still useful ■ What if ‘add’ and ‘mul’ check for integer overflow

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.4 Numeric Types —int, float, long, complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.5 迭代器类型 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.6 Sequence Types —str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange . . . . . . . . 35 5.7 集合类型—set, frozenset for string objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.15 types —Names for built-in types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.16 new

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.4 Numeric Types —int, float, long, complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.5 迭代器类型 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.6 Sequence Types —str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange . . . . . . . . 35 5.7 集合类型—set, frozenset for string objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.15 types —Names for built-in types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.16 new