other leading models (GPT- 4o, Claude 3.5) on some reasoning tests 3/23: OpenAI releases GPT-4, a multimodal* model capable of processing both text & images 3/23: Google releases Bard concerns. Closed models follow a centralized, capital-intensive arc. These models – like OpenAI’s GPT-4 or Anthropic’s Claude – are trained within proprietary systems on massive proprietary datasets, requiring Models + Falling Token Costs = Explosion of Usage by Developers Using AI Closed-source models – like GPT-4, Claude, or Gemini – have dominated usage among consumers and large enterprises, largely because

360联合北大研发：5%参数量逼近Deepseek-R1满血性能 18政企、创业者必读 DeepSeek出现之前的十大预判 之六 成本越来越低  过去一年，大模型成本「自由落体」  国外：GPT-4等效智能在过去18个月内价格下降240倍  国内：大模型「亏本」卖，可以「白嫖」大模型API能力 19政企、创业者必读 DeepSeek出现之前的十大预判 之七 多模态越来越重要  由