small independent services that communicate with each other via APIs using lightweight protocols like HTTP. Microservices applications tend to be highly dynamic, with individual containers getting started that need to be updated with a continuously growing frequency. Protocol ports (e.g. TCP port 80 for HTTP traffic) can no longer be used to differentiate between application traffic for security purposes contrast to IP address identification in traditional systems) and can filter on application-layer (e.g. HTTP). As a result, Cilium not only makes it simple to apply security policies in a highly dynamic environment

small independent services that communicate with each other via APIs using lightweight protocols like HTTP. Microservices applications tend to be highly dynamic, with individual containers getting started that need to be updated with a continuously growing frequency. Protocol ports (e.g. TCP port 80 for HTTP traffic) can no longer be used to differentiate between application traffic for security purposes contrast to IP address identification in traditional systems) and can filter on application-layer (e.g. HTTP). As a result, Cilium not only makes it simple to apply security policies in a highly dynamic environment

small independent services that communicate with each other via APIs using lightweight protocols like HTTP. Microservices applica�ons tend to be highly dynamic, with individual containers ge�ng started or that need to be updated with a con�nuously growing frequency. Protocol ports (e.g. TCP port 80 for HTTP traffic) can no longer be used to differen�ate between applica�on traffic for security purposes as contrast to IP address iden�fica�on in tradi�onal systems) and can filter on applica�on-layer (e.g. HTTP). As a result, Cilium not only makes it simple to apply security policies in a highly dynamic environment

Golang Package Compatibility Guarantees API Reference Hubble internals Hubble Architecture Hubble server Hubble Relay Reference Command Cheatsheet Command utilities: Command examples: Kubernetes examples: communicating with each other? How frequently? What does the service dependency graph look like? What HTTP calls are being made? What Kafka topics does a service consume from or produce to? Network monitoring Is it an application or network problem? Is the communication broken on layer 4 (TCP) or layer 7 (HTTP)? Which services have experienced a DNS resolution problem in the last 5 minutes? Which services

Golang Package Compatibility Guarantees API Reference Hubble internals Hubble Architecture Hubble server Hubble Relay Reference Command Cheatsheet Command utilities: Command examples: Kubernetes examples: communicating with each other? How frequently? What does the service dependency graph look like? What HTTP calls are being made? What Kafka topics does a service consume from or produce to? Network monitoring Is it an application or network problem? Is the communication broken on layer 4 (TCP) or layer 7 (HTTP)? Which services have experienced a DNS resolution problem in the last 5 minutes? Which services

communicating with each other? How frequently? What does the service dependency graph look like? What HTTP calls are being made? What Kafka topics does a service consume from or produce to? Network monitoring Is it an application or network problem? Is the communication broken on layer 4 (TCP) or layer 7 (HTTP)? Which services have experienced a DNS resolution problem in the last 5 minutes? Which services monitoring What is the rate of 5xx or 4xx HTTP response codes for a particular service or across all clusters? What is the 95th and 99th percentile latency between HTTP requests and responses in my cluster

communicating with each other? How frequently? What does the service dependency graph look like? What HTTP calls are being made? What Kafka topics does a service consume from or produce to? Network monitoring Is it an application or network problem? Is the communication broken on layer 4 (TCP) or layer 7 (HTTP)? Which services have experienced a DNS resolution problem in the last 5 minutes? Which services monitoring What is the rate of 5xx or 4xx HTTP response codes for a particular service or across all clusters? What is the 95th and 99th percentile latency between HTTP requests and responses in my cluster

nodePort 访问 传统的 nodePort 转发，伴随着 SNAT的发生。而 Cilium 为 nodePort 提供了 native 和 IPIP 等方式的 DSR （direct server return）实现，有效减 少了网络转发的跳数，极大提升了 nodePort的转发性能，降低访问延时。 相关测试表明： • kube proxy iptables模式下，请求完 成时间 1.6ms