. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. SQL Language Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 7.1.3. Module Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1. About the Firebird SQL Language Reference: for Firebird 2.5 16 Chapter 2. SQL Language Structure This reference describes the SQL language supported by Firebird. 2.1. Background to Firebird’s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2. SQL Language Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 7.1.3. Module Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . org/en/firebird-foundation/) Chapter 1. About the Firebird 4.0 Language Reference 18 Chapter 2. SQL Language Structure This reference describes the SQL language supported by Firebird. 2.1. Background to Firebird’s

(isql), and instructions on how to use it to perform tasks within the database.  This manual is a work in progress. It is subject to change and possible restructuring as new versions appear. 1.1. Audience isql. • If you wish to roll back all uncommitted work and exit isql type this command at the prompt: SQL> QUIT; • If you wish to commit all your work before exiting isql, then type in the following command: reservation. • Isolation Level: A transaction isolation level defines the interaction and visibility of work performed by simultaneously running transactions. There are four transaction isolation levels according

Application ........................................................................... 27 Installation Structure Examples ...................................................................................... where the Firebird engine, command-line tools, cron scripts, batch files, installers, etc., will not work as expected. If the Windows installer program finds a value for %FIREBIRD% it will make that path restore the security database to have a page size of at least 4 Kb. The new security2.fdb will not work with a smaller page size. Warning A simple 'cp security.fdb security2.fdb' will make it impossible

for versions -user default user name -v(alidate) validate database structure -w(rite) write synchronously or asynchronously -z print software trusted authentication. If you have not defined the above environment variables, some commands will not work unless you supply -⁠u[ser] and -⁠pa[ssword] on the command line. For example: linux> gfix -validate that are in limbo. If there is no output, then there are no transactions in limbo and no further work need be done. The command is: gfix -l[ist] database_name An example of listing limbo transactions

(tux)/P11 Firebird/linux (remote interface), version LI-V2.1.3.18185 Firebird 2.1/tcp (tux)/P11 on disk structure version 11.1 tux> echo $? 0 You will note from the above that a valid username and password must Firebird to restore the database, however, while this may result in an upgrade to the On Disc Structure (ODS) for the database in question, the SQL Dialect will never be changed. If you backup an InterBase regarding the transliteration of strings embedded in the source and the BLR. In v.2.1 and 2.5 a lot of work was done to address the international language issues, as you probably know. A side effect of this

LIST (display_name, '; ') FROM GR_WORK; -- Получение списка в алфавитном порядке SELECT LIST (display_name, '; ') FROM (SELECT display_name FROM GR_WORK ORDER BY display_name); COMMIT Назначение: Подтверждение транзакции. Доступно в: DSQL, ESQL. Синтаксис: COMMIT [WORK] [TRANSACTION tr_name] [RELEASE] [RETAIN [SNAPSHOT]]; ограничение предотвращает динамическую спецификацию имён транзакций. Необязательное ключевое слово WORK может быть использовано лишь для совместимости с другими системами управления реляционными базами

pointing out that there are difficulties even in this situation, if your intention is to protect the structure of your database. 4.1.1. Needs of the Access Layer Various database development libraries interrogate against the key rather than against the encryption itself. How could encryption work? So, let’s look at how things would work if Firebird were to encrypt the metadata in a database… Before the database implementation helps to hide exactly how information is being protected. But for an open source system the work around for such hacks is to simply build your own version of the server that bypasses the event or

to create or alter generators by writing to RDB$GENERATORS. (A SELECT won’t hurt though.) The structure of the RDB$GENERATORS system table is as follows: • RDB$GENERATOR_NAME CHAR(31) • RDB$GENERATOR_ID like “OK, when I rollback, I can just do GEN_ID(mygen,-1) afterwards to set it back to 4”. This may work most of the time, but is unsafe because other concurrent transactions may have changed the value well-thought-out mechanism to Chapter 4. Using generators to create unique row IDs 12 make this work safely in multi-user/multi-transaction environments, JUST DON’T DO IT! 4.4. Generators for IDs or

now be something other than ‘=’. The second is different but has the same general form. We can now work out how nullness of A and/or nullness of subselect results affect the outcome of ANY|SOME and ALL whether is aggregate or not. (But if is non-aggregate, you may save the engine some work by changing HAVING to WHERE and placing the condition before the “GROUP BY” clause. This goes for makes ample use of this technique. Unfortunately, using descriptors is rather cumbersome; it’s more work and less play for the UDF implementor. But they do solve all the traditional NULL problems, and for