division (integer division truncates results) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 121 Chapter 9. Functions and Operators Operator Description Example Result |/ square root greater than argument floor(-42.8) -43 ln(dp or numeric) (same as input) natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or numeric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 122 Chapter Return Type Description Example Result log(b numeric, x numeric) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000 mod(y, x) (same as argument types) remainder of y/x mod(9,4) 1 pi() dp “π ”

division (integer division truncates results) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial 5 ! 120 !! factorial (prefix input) natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or numeric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numeric, x numeric) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000 mod(y of the argument (-1, 0, +1) sign(-8.4) -1 sqrt(dp or numeric) (same as input) square root sqrt(2.0) 1.4142135623731 trunc(dp or numeric) (same as input) truncate toward zero trunc(42.8) 42 trunc(v

division (integer division truncates results) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial 5 ! 120 !! factorial (prefix input) natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or numeric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numeric, x numeric) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000 mod(y of the argument (-1, 0, +1) sign(-8.4) -1 sqrt(dp or numeric) (same as input) square root sqrt(2.0) 1.4142135623731 trunc(dp or numeric) (same as input) truncate toward zero trunc(42.8) 42 trunc(v

division (integer division truncates results) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial 5 ! 120 !! factorial (prefix input) natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or numeric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numeric, x numeric) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000 mod(y of the argument (-1, 0, +1) sign(-8.4) -1 sqrt(dp or numeric) (same as input) square root sqrt(2.0) 1.4142135623731 trunc(dp or numeric) (same as input) truncate toward zero trunc(42.8) 42 trunc(v

division (integer division truncates results) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial 5 ! 120 !! factorial (prefix input) natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or numeric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numeric, x numeric) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000 mod(y of the argument (-1, 0, +1) sign(-8.4) -1 sqrt(dp or numeric) (same as input) square root sqrt(2.0) 1.4142135623731 trunc(dp or numeric) (same as input) truncate toward zero trunc(42.8) 42 trunc(v

division (integer division truncates results) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial 5 ! 120 !! factorial (prefix input) natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or numeric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numeric, x numeric) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000 mod(y of the argument (-1, 0, +1) sign(-8.4) -1 sqrt(dp or numeric) (same as input) square root sqrt(2.0) 1.4142135623731 trunc(dp or numeric) (same as input) truncate toward zero trunc(42.8) 42 trunc(v

................................................... 2138 52.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0 ................................................... 2142 53. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions ....... the result) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation (asso- ciates left to right) 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial (deprecated, use factorial() natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or nu- meric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numer- ic, x numer- ic) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000

Formats .................................................. 2036 52.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0 ............................................. 2040 53. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions ............. the result) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation (asso- ciates left to right) 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial (deprecated, use factorial() natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or nu- meric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numer- ic, x numer- ic) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000

Formats .................................................. 2153 53.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0 ............................................. 2158 54. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions ............. the result) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation (asso- ciates left to right) 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 ||/ cube root ||/ 27.0 3 ! factorial (deprecated, use factorial() natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or nu- meric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numer- ic, x numer- ic) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000

................................................... 2275 53.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0 ................................................... 2279 54. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions ....... the result) 4 / 2 2 % modulo (remainder) 5 % 4 1 ^ exponentiation (asso- ciates left to right) 2.0 ^ 3.0 8 |/ square root |/ 25.0 5 217 Functions and Operators Operator Description Example Result natural logarithm ln(2.0) 0.693147180559945 log(dp or nu- meric) (same as input) base 10 logarithm log(100.0) 2 log(b numer- ic, x numer- ic) numeric logarithm to base b log(2.0, 64.0) 6.0000000000