instructions at a pixel as it flies by CUDA 12 (2022) CUDA 11 (2020) CUDA 7 (2015) ‘Moar shaders!’ Shaders12 more math, allocators, non-literal params, … new/delete, virtual, lambdas, try/catch

graphics OpenGL ES 2.0 - 2007 Programmable Shaders OpenGL SC 1.0 - 2005 Fixed function graphics safety-critical subset OpenGL SC 2.0 - 2016 Programmable Shaders Safety-critical subset Vulkan 1.2 - 2020

October 2023 20 Memory isn’t the only critical resource • File handles • Locks • Sockets • Shaders • …Resources and Errors • A resource is something that must be acquired and released after use