micrograd++: A 500 line C++ Machine Learning Library Gautam Sharma Independent Researcher gautamsharma2813@gmail.com Abstract—micrograd++ is a pure C++ machine learning li- brary inspired by Andrej Karpathy’s

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bytestrings that only consist of ASCII characters. Addition- ally newlines are normalized to one end of line sequence which is per default UNIX style (\n). Python 2.x supports two ways of representing string ASCII identifier. To set a better module encoding add the following comment to the first or second line of the Python module using the Unicode literal: # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 8 We recommend utf-8 as of a comment. De- faults to '#}'. line_statement_prefix If given and a string, this will be used as prefix for line based statements. See also Line Statements. line_comment_prefix If given and a string

constitutes a comment that is ignored by Lean. Similarly, two dashes indicate that the rest of the line contains a comment that is also ignored. Comment blocks can be nested, making it possible to “comment though the program “is” the function in question. In any case, all that really matters is the bottom line. To formally express a mathematical assertion in the language of dependent type theory, we need to above conveniently as follows: example (h : p ∧ q) : q ∧ p := ⟨h.right, h.left⟩ There is a fine line between brevity and obfuscation, and omitting information in this way can sometimes make a proof harder

Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 39 Unicode Input 420 40 Command-line Options 421 CONTENTS ix II Base 423 41 Essentials 424 41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . language features 1295 101Language changes 1296 102Compiler/Runtime improvements 1297 103Command-line option changes 1298 104Multi-threading changes 1299 105Build system changes 1300 106New library eval-print loop or "REPL") by double-clicking the Julia executable or running julia from the command line: $ julia _ _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org (_) | (_) (_) | _ _ _| |_ __

Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 39 Unicode Input 420 40 Command-line Options 421 CONTENTS ix II Base 423 41 Essentials 424 41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . language features 1296 101Language changes 1297 102Compiler/Runtime improvements 1298 103Command-line option changes 1299 104Multi-threading changes 1300 105Build system changes 1301 106New library eval-print loop or "REPL") by double-clicking the Julia executable or running julia from the command line: $ julia _ _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org (_) | (_) (_) | _ _ _| |_ __

Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 39 Unicode Input 420 40 Command-line Options 421 CONTENTS ix II Base 423 41 Essentials 424 41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . features 1295 CONTENTS xiv 100Language changes 1296 101Compiler/Runtime improvements 1297 102Command-line option changes 1298 103Multi-threading changes 1299 104Build system changes 1300 105New library eval-print loop or "REPL") by double-clicking the Julia executable or running julia from the command line: $ julia _ _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org (_) | (_) (_) | _ _ _| |_ __

Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 39 Unicode Input 439 40 Command-line Options 441 II Base 443 41 Essentials 445 41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . features 1353 101Language changes 1355 102Compiler/Runtime improvements 1357 xx CONTENTS 103Command-line option changes 1359 104Multi-threading changes 1361 105Build system changes 1363 106New library eval-print loop or "REPL") by double-clicking the Julia executable or running julia from the command line: $ julia _ _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org (_) | (_) (_) | _ _ _| |_ __

Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 39 Unicode Input 420 40 Command-line Options 421 CONTENTS ix II Base 423 41 Essentials 424 41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . language features 1295 101Language changes 1296 102Compiler/Runtime improvements 1297 103Command-line option changes 1298 104Multi-threading changes 1299 105Build system changes 1300 106New library eval-print loop or "REPL") by double-clicking the Julia executable or running julia from the command line: $ julia _ _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org (_) | (_) (_) | _ _ _| |_ __

Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 39 Unicode Input 420 40 Command-line Options 421 CONTENTS ix II Base 423 41 Essentials 424 41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . language features 1295 101Language changes 1296 102Compiler/Runtime improvements 1297 103Command-line option changes 1298 104Multi-threading changes 1299 105Build system changes 1300 106New library eval-print loop or "REPL") by double-clicking the Julia executable or running julia from the command line: $ julia _ _ _ _(_)_ | Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org (_) | (_) (_) | _ _ _| |_ __